Full-inclusion as a Lived Experience: The School Career of Martin Schaeffer

This inquiry examines the school career of a student with severe and multiple disabilities, who was fully included with chronological peers in general education classes from first through twelve grades. The student is now a successful student at a university. This study occurs within the historical context of federal, state, and local school district policy in an affluent suburban community in the United States. The study therefore examines macro level policy (the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act), inclusion ideology, and the micro level politics of trust building, advocacy, leadership, and collaboration. The data indicate that full inclusion was successful because parents were completely committed to their child’s full integration into family and community life, parents and school personnel formed a solid working alliance, the student exhibited a strong work ethic and determination, advocacy and collaboration occurred on multiple levels, and continuous learning was embraced across time and contexts

Mainstreaming, the Regular Education Initiative, and Inclusion as Lived Experience, 1974-2004: A Practitioner\u27s View

This article is an auto-ethnography detailing the lived experience of the mainstreaming, Regular Education Initiative, and inclusion movements from the teacher and administrator perspectives. The article illustrates the challenges of integrating students with disabilities in general education and the sociopolitical contexts within which this occurred. A number of factors are necessary to successfully facilitate inclusion and inclusive schooling. These include an understanding of schools as social systems, institutional and administrative authorization and leadership, collaboration and partnerships, and professional development. The implications of institutional and administrative authorization and inclusive practices have significant implications for teacher education and inclusive schooling

Unexpected Photoisomerization of a Pincer-type Amido Ligand Leads to Facial Coordination at Pt(IV)

The divalent complex (BQA)PtMe undergoes oxidative addition with MeI to afford the octahedral complex cis-(mer-BQA)PtMe_2I {(BQA)- = bis(8-quinolinyl)amide}. When this molecule is irradiated with visible light, it isomerizes to (fac-BQA)PtMe2I, where the BQA ligand adopts an unexpected facial coordination mode. The amide nitrogen in this molecule is sp^3 hybridized and can be easily quarternized with HBF_4, resulting in [H(fac-BQA)PtMe_2I][BF_4], with only minor perturbation to the coordination sphere

Amido-Bridged Cu_2N_2 Diamond Cores that Minimize Structural Reorganization and Facilitate Reversible Redox Behavior between a Cu^1Cu^1 and a Class III Delocalized Cu^(1.5)Cu^(1.5) Species

A novel Cu_(2)N_(2) diamond core structure supported by an [SNS]^(-) ligand (1) ([SNS]^(-) = bis(2-tert-butylsulfanylphenyl)amido) has been prepared. This dicopper system exhibits a fully reversible one-electron redox process between a reduced Cu1Cu1 complex, {[SNS][Cu]}_(2) (2), and a class III delocalized Cu^(1.5)Cu^(1.5) state, [{[SNS][Cu]}_(2_][B(3,5-(CF_(3))_(2)C_(6)H_(3))_(4)] (3). Structural snapshots of both redox forms have been obtained to reveal remarkably little overall structural reorganization. The Cu···Cu bond distance nonetheless undergoes an appreciable compression (0.13 Å) upon oxidation, providing a Cu···Cu distance of 2.4724(4) Å in the mixed-valence state that is virtually identical to the Cu···Cu distance observed in the reduced form of the Cu_(A) site of thiolate-bridged cytochrome c oxidase. Despite the low structural reorganization evident between 2 and 3, the [SNS]^(-) ligand is quite flexible. For example, square-planar geometries can prevail for divalent copper ions supported by [SNS]^(-) as evident from the crystal structure of [SNS]CuCl (4). Physical characterization for the mixed valence complex 3 includes electrochemical, magnetic (SQUID), EPR, and optical data. The complex has also been examined by density functional methods. An attempt was made to measure the rate of electron self-exchange ks between the Cu^(1)Cu^(1) and the Cu^(1.5)Cu^(1.5) complexes 2 and 3 by NMR line-broadening analysis in dichloromethane solution. While the system is certainly in the fast-exchange regime, the exchange process is too fast to be accurately measured by this technique. The value for ks can be bracketed with a conservative lower boundary of ≥107 M^(-1) s^(-1), a value that appears to be larger than other low molecular weight copper model complexes for which similar data is available. The unusually large magnitude of ks likely reflects the minimal structural reorganization that accompanies Cu^(1)Cu^(1) ↔ Cu^(1.5)Cu^(1.5) interchange

Multifrequency EPR Studies of [Cu^(1.5)Cu^(1.5)]+ for Cu_2(μ-NR_2)_2 and Cu_2(μ-PR_2)_2 Diamond Cores

Multifrequency electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is used to explore the electronic structures of a series of dicopper complexes of the type {(LXL)Cu}_2^+. These complexes contain two four-coordinate copper centers of highly distorted tetrahedral geometries linked by two [LXL]^− ligands featuring bridging amido or phosphido ligands and associated thioether or phosphine chelate donors. Specific chelating [LXL]^− ligands examined in this study include bis(2-tert-butylsulfanylphenyl)amide (SNS), bis(2-di-iso-butylphosphinophenyl)amide (PNP), and bis(2-di-iso-propylphosphinophenyl)phosphide (PPP). To better map the electronic coupling to copper, nitrogen, and phosphorus in these complexes, X-, S-, and Q-band EPR spectra have been obtained for each complex. The resulting EPR parameters implied by computer simulation are unusual for typical dicopper complexes and are largely consistent with previously published X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory data, where a highly covalent {Cu_2(μ-XR_2)_2}^+ diamond core has been assigned in which removal of an electron from the neutral {Cu_2(μ-XR_2)_2} can be viewed as ligand-centered to a substantial degree. To our knowledge, this is the first family of dicopper diamond core model complexes for which the compendium of X-, S-, and Q-band EPR spectra have been collected for comparison to Cu_A

Base-Promoted Benzene C−H Activation Chemistry at an Amido Pincer Complex of Platinum(II)

The thermally robust platinum(II) complex (BQA)Pt(OTf) undergoes benzene C−H bond activation at 150 °C but requires the presence of N^iPr_2Et. The reaction products are the phenyl complex (BQA)Pt(Ph) and a stoichiometric equivalent of [HN^iPr_2Et][OTf]

Structural Snapshots of a Flexible Cu_2P_2 Core that Accommodates the Oxidation States Cu^ICu^I, Cu^(1.5)Cu^(1.5), and Cu^(II)Cu^(II)

The phosphido-bridged dicopper(I) complex {(PPP)Cu}_2 has been synthesized and structurally characterized ([PPP]^- = bis(2-di-iso-propylphosphinophenyl)phosphide). Cyclic voltammetry of {(PPP)Cu}_2 in THF shows fully reversible oxidations at −1.02 V (Cu^(1.5)Cu^(1.5)/Cu^ICu^I) and −0.423 V (Cu^(II)Cu^(II)/Cu^(1.5)Cu^(1.5)). Chemical oxidation of {(PPP)Cu}_2 by one electron yields the class III mixed-valence species [{(PPP)Cu}_2]^+ (EPR, UV−vis). Structural data establish an unexpectedly large change (0.538 Å) in the Cu•••Cu distance upon oxidation state. Oxidation of {(PPP)Cu}_2 by two electrons yields the dication [{(PPP)Cu}_2]^(2+), an antiferromagnetically coupled dicopper(II) complex. Maintenance of a pseudotetrahedral geometry that is midway between a square plane and an ideal tetrahedron at the copper centers, along with a high degree of flexibility at the phosphide hinges, allows for efficient access to Cu^ICu^I, Cu^(1.5)Cu^(1.5), and Cu^(II)Cu^(II) redox states without the need for ligand exchange, substitution, or redistribution processes

E-Type Delayed Fluorescence of a Phosphine-Supported Cu_2(μ-NAr_2)_2 Diamond Core: Harvesting Singlet and Triplet Excitons in OLEDs

A highly emissive bis(phosphine)diarylamido dinuclear copper(I) complex (quantum yield = 57%) was shown to exhibit E-type delayed fluorescence by variable temperature emission spectroscopy and photoluminescence decay measurement of doped vapor-deposited films. The lowest energy singlet and triplet excited states were assigned as charge transfer states on the basis of theoretical calculations and the small observed S_1−T_1 energy gap. Vapor-deposited OLEDs doped with the complex in the emissive layer gave a maximum external quantum efficiency of 16.1%, demonstrating that triplet excitons can be harvested very efficiently through the delayed fluorescence channel. The function of the emissive dopant in OLEDs was further probed by several physical methods, including electrically detected EPR, cyclic voltammetry, and photoluminescence in the presence of applied current